I have noticed a great tendency among startup founders to ignore the essentials of business accounting in the early stages of their startup. Just because you are not profitable yet, does not mean you can skip the record keeping.
In fact, just the opposite is true. When you anticipate losses for the first year or two, it is more important to properly document all expenses, including tricky ones like business travel, business meals and your home office. Sloppy documentation and reporting of these expenses is an open invitation to an IRS audit, which is the last thing you need or can afford during the busy startup period.
Expense accounting is just one of the key record-keeping requirements for a successful business:
1. Expenses and income. You will need a check register, a cash receipt system and a record of bills. Also you should include tax records, bank statements, cancelled checks, bank reconciliations, notices from-and-to your bank, deposit slips and any loan-related documents. Keep good backups of all computer files.
2. Invoicing and payments. You cannot make any money unless you bill your customers on a timely basis, and follow-up regularly on missed payment commitments. If your average receivables period exceeds 45 days, your cash requirements go up fast. I recommend one of the many cloud-based and low-cost tools to help, such as the Viewpost business network.
3. Corporate records. Include here articles of incorporation, bylaws, shareholder minutes, board minutes, state filings, stock ledger, copies of stock certificates, options and warrants and copies of all securities law filings. In all cases, do not forget permits, licenses or registration forms required to operate the business under federal, state or local laws.
4. Contracts. All the contracts you have, even expired ones, should be saved indefinitely. These would include equipment leases, joint venture agreements, real estate leases and work-for-hire agreements. It is also good to keep correspondence sent and received by mail, faxes and important email that you might want in hard copy.
5. Employee records. Include here completed employment applications, employee offer letters, employee handbooks or policies, employment agreements, performance appraisals, employee attendance records, employee termination letters, W-2s and any settlement agreements with terminated employees.
6. Intellectual property records. This is an especially important category. Make sure you file a copy of all trademark applications, copyright filings, patent filings and patents, licenses and confidentiality or nondisclosure agreements.
Of course, these days you need a personal computer or laptop dedicated to your business with some basic software tools. You should investigate the wide variety of software systems that are on the market, and pick one that makes you comfortable, since you will probably be doing the basic data entry yourself. This not only will save you money, but it will keep you intimately aware of all expenses and the condition of your overall business. In my experience, the most common small business accounting system I see in startups is QuickBooks Pro by Intuit.
Even if you have the money to hire an accountant, you should keep a grip on your business financial affairs. You should be able to explain to yourself how much money you owe out to others, how much others owe you and how much cash you have on hand. Do not be shy about investigating local classes as adult education, or even a seminar with the SBA on bookkeeping.
An accountant may not be necessary, but you still cannot skip the tools. You cannot walk in with a bag full of receipts. The more organized you are, the more organized you will be when presenting this material to an accountant. That translates to reduced bills from the accountant, and a reduced tax bill from the IRS. You will save time and money, and be more confident about your status.
Good record-keeping practices are required to comply with tax laws, and to operate your business properly. When you incorporate your business is the right time to establish the records system. Do not let your dream get killed by ignoring business basics.
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